All these developments are accompanied by indeed, depend on structural and biochemical changes in the young child’s brain during a period when new connections among the brain cells are growing by the hundreds of thousands every day. During the second year explosive growth of the brain’s to surface of cells, often called “gray matter” is taking place in areas of the prefrontal part of the cortex, the very front part located just above the eyes. The prefrontal cortex is the most recently evolved part of the human, and it is the last part to develop fully in childhood. As its connections grow, little by little, it endows a child with the ability to imagine time before and after the present. As this miracle of consciousness become possible, so does the ability to plan ahead. Up to, and even well past, puberty, the cells in the cortex continue to expand their connections allowing the growing child to control emotional impulses, feel empathy and appreciate the value of performing even unpleasant duties in the present because of their future benefit.
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